本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时3：数词的类别
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From the course by Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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From the lesson
第二讲 代词、数词和量词
第二讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）代词的类别和作用；（2）疑问代词的特殊用法；（3）数词的类别；（4）数词的作用；（5）量词的类别及量词、数量的重叠式；（6）数量作状语带“地”问题。
Meet the Instructors
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
第二节 数词。 Section two numerals
一. I.
数词的类别和作用 （一）数词的类别。 Types and Functions of Numerals (1) Categories of Numerals
数词可分为整数、 序数 倍数、 小数、 分数和概数等。 Numerals can be divided into integer, ordinal multiples, decimals, scores and approximate numbers, etc.
1. 1.
整数 没有零头的数目是整数。 Integers The number without fraction of is an integer
例如 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 两 For example 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 two
还有一百 三千 一万 等 One hundred, three thousand, ten thousand and so forth
"十"以下的数目直接称数，例如 1 Numbersbefore"ten"are directly called the number, for example what shall we
我们读作什么呢？yī，2 读作 èr，5 读作 wǔ，10 read 1?Yī, 2 is read as èr, 5 is read as wǔ, 10
读作 shí "十一" 到 "十九"的数目是先称说十位数"十" 再称说个位数。 is read asshí numbers from “eleven” to “nineteen” shall be read as “shí” plus single digit.
例如：11 读作 shíyī，12 读作 For example: 11 shall be read as shíyī, 12 shall be read
shíèr "二十"以上的数目 as shíèr numbers after “er shi” (twenty)
先称说位数上的数字，然后呢再称说位数 例如：20 Call the number of digit and then call the dogit, for example: 20
我们读作是 èrshí 181 读作 is called asèrshí 181 is called as
yìbǎibāshíyī 应该注意下面的情况。 Yìbǎibāshíyī the following conditions shall be noted.
（1） 就是 "11-19" 中的的第一个 "1" 不读出来。 (1) the first “1” from 11 to 19 shall not be read out
例如 11 读作 "十一"，不读作 "一十一" （2）100 For instance, 11 is read as “shi yi” rather than “yi shi yi” (2) as for numbers after 100,
以上的数字 十位上的 "1" 要读出来。 The “1” in 10-digit shall be read out.
例如：111 这个 这个十位上的这个 "一" 啊就要读出来，是 For example: the “yi” in 10-digit of 111 shall be read out, just like
"一十一"，不读作"一百十一" （3）数字末尾的 "0" 不管有几个 都不读出来。 “yi shi yi”, instead of “yi bai shi yi” (3) the “0” in the end of numbers shall not be read out regardless of its quantity.
例如，下面这个数读作什么呢？二十三万五千 （4）数字中间有"0"的，不管有几个 For example, what shall the number below be read? Er shi san wan wu qian (4) the “0” in the middle of numbers shall be read once regardless of its quantity.
只读一个，例如下面这个数我们读作什么呢？ 十万零五十，中间只用一个零就可以了 For instance, what the following number shall be read? Shi wan ling wu shi, with one “0” be read
（3） 数字末尾的 "0" (3) The “0” in the end of numbers
不管有几个，都不读出来 例如下面这个数我们读作什么呢？二十三万五千 It shall not be read out regardless of its quantity. For example, what the following number shall be read? Er shi san wan wu qian
（4）数字中间有 "0" 的，不管有几个，只读一个。 (4) the “0” in the middle of numbers shall be read one of them regardless of its quantity.
例如下面这个数我们 读作十万零五十，中间有 3 个零，但是我们说一个零就可以了 For instance, the following number shall be read as shi wan ling wu shi. There are three zero here, but only one zero is read.
（5）"二" 和 "两" 的区别 (5) The difference between “er” and “liang”
① 小数、 分数、 序数中用 "二" 例如：二点二、 ①”er” is used in decimal, fractional and ordinal number For example:“er dian er” (2.2)
三点零二、 二分之一、 第二等 ② 号码中用 "二"。 San dian ling er (3.02), er fen zhi yi (1/2), di er (second) and so forth ②“er” is used in numbers
例如：三幺二 ③ "两" 可以用在所有量词前面 For example: san yao er (312) ③“liang” can be used before all quantifiers
"二" 呢只能用于传统的度量衡单位 量词前，例如：两个人、 “er” can be used before the traditional unit of measure, quantifiers, for example: liang ge ren (two people)
两件衣服、 两瓶酒 但是我们不说呢，二个人、 二件衣服、 二瓶酒 Liang jian yi fu (Two pieces of clothing), liang pin jiu (two bottles of wine). “er” shall not be used here to replace”liang”
我们可以说 二里 两里、 二斤 两斤 都可以的 However, er li, liang li, er jin, and liang jin are okay. (li is a unit of distance, and jin is a unit of weight in Chinese)
④"十、 百、 千、 万、 亿" ④“er” is used before “shi, bai, qian, wan, yi” (ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, One hundred million)
前 有的用 "二"，有的用 "两"，大致的情况我们看一下这个下面这个表格 And “liang” is also used sometimes. Let us see the following chart.
这个位数是十的时候，这个二在开头的时候，我们读二 When the digit is ten and two is placed at the beginning, we read it “er”
在其他的位置，在这个位置我们读什么呢？ 也是读二，也就是说开头和其他位置这个是一样的 What shall we read it when it is placed in other position? “er” that is to say, it will be read as “er” wherever it is placed.
但是百，百是这样两种情况，一个是在开头的时候 While, there are two situations as for bai (thousand), one is at the beginning
既可以说二百，也可以说两百，也就二和两，都可以，但是在其他的位置，我们 “ er bai” or “liang bai” is okay. And when “er” is placed in other position, it
也可以用二，也可以用两，比如说：九千二百，九千两百六十，也是可以的 is also okay, for example: jiu qian er bai (9200) and jiu qian liang bei liu shi (9260) are okay as well.
而千呢？千是什么情况呢？位数是千的时候 What about qian (thousand)? When the number is in thousand-digit and
在开头的时候，我们是读作两，但是在其他位置的情况就不一样，比如说这个 不是开头，在中间的时候、
at the beginning, we read it “liang”. However, when it is in other position, for example,
后面的时候，我们读是什么呢？ 二和两都是可以的，三万二千、 after this one, what shall we read? Er or liang is okay, san wan er qian
三万两千都可以 这个位数是万的时候，这个是没有区别 or san wan liang qian (32000) is okay. There is no difference when the digit is ten thousand.
不管是在开头，还是在 不是在开头，那么我们都读作两 We read it liang wherever it at the beginning or the end.
位数是亿的时候，那么情况又不一样了，在开头的时候 When the digit is one hundred million, it will be different. at the beginning,
读作两，在其他的位置的时候我们读什么呢？读二，比如：六百零二亿 liang is read. What shall we read when it is in other position? Er, for example: liu bai ling er yi (Six hundred and twenty million)
所以是情况呢又不一样了，因此呢，二和两这个是很复杂的 2. It is different. Therefore, the usage of er and liang is complicated 2.
序数 表示次序的数词叫做序数汉语的序数有多种表达方法。 Ordinal numbers Numerals referring to order are called ordinal numbers There are many ways to express ordinal numbers in Chinese.
00:05:01,975 --> 00:05:08,330
例如：（1） 是第加上数词这样的说法
For example: (1) the expression of “di” added with numerals
我们看下面的例子，第一、 第二、 第三，就是第加上一个数词 表示序数。 Let us see the following examples, “di yi” (first), “di er” (second) and “di san” (third) are the expression of “di” added with numerals to representordinal numbers.
（2）老加上数词也 可以表示序数，比如说老大、 (2) “lao” added with numerals can also be used to represent ordinal numbers. For example, “lao da”,
老二、 老三 这个是用于什么呢？排行，就是家里的这个子女的排行 “lao er” and “lao san” are used for the order of families
老大，注意，这个老大不可以说成是老一 只能用大。 “lao da”, pay attention please, the “lao da” shall not be read as “lao yi”
后面是老二、 老三都是用数词 “lao er” and “lao san” after it shall be used with numerals
（3）初加上数词 例如：初一、 (3) “chu” plus numerls for example: “chu yi”
初二、 初三等 但是最高的时候，大家注意，是应该到初十为止 “chu er”, “chu san” and so forth. The maximum shall be ended after “chu shi”
（4）就是数词加上名词 汉语的序数大量地采用"数词+名词"这样的办法 (4) Numerals plus nouns Chinese ordinal number adopted a lot of "numerals + nouns"
常见的有，说日期的时候我们说一号、 二号，一直到三十一号 It is commonly used in the date from the beginning to the end.
说这个月份的时候，一月、 二月，一直到十二月 And it also applies to months.
教学楼，我们说一教、 二教，这个教就是教学楼 As for “jiao xue lou” (teaching building), the “jiao” of “yi jiao” and “er jiao” refers to “jiao xue lou” (teaching building).
的意思，楼层呢是一层、 一楼、 二楼、 And floor, “yi ceng”, “yi lou” (floor 1st), “er lou”
二层，班级 一班、 二班、 三班、 四班，等级：一等、 “er ceng” (floor 2nd); class, “yi ban” (class one), “er ban” (class two), “san ban” (class three), “si ban” (class four); grade: “yi deng” or “yi ji” (grade one),
二等、 三等 一级、 二级、 三级、 四级等。 “er deng” or “er ji” (grade two), “san deng” or “san ji” (grade three), “si deng” or “si ji” (grade four), etc.
3. 3.
倍数 倍数就是数词加上倍就可以了，我们说 “bei shu” (Multiples) namely, numerals plus bei
想看一下下面的例子，1 倍、 2 倍、 3 倍、 100倍、 1000倍 4. Let us see the following examples, 1 bei, 2 bei, 3 bei, 100 bei, 1000 bei 4.
小数，小数的读法是下面的情况，我们看第一例，读作呢 Decimal, the decimal reading is just as follows. Let us see the first example. It is read as
十一点五，第二例读作一百零一点八八 “shi yi dian wu (11.5), the second example is read as “yi bai ling yi dian ba ba” (101.88)
第三例读作什么呢？两千五百六十九点零 What shall the third example be read? “liang qian wu bai liu shi jiu dian ling” (2569.0)
一，注意，这里面很容易读错，这个零应该读出来 5. First, pay attention please, it is easy to be misread. The “ling” (zero) here shall be read out 5.
分数 分数的读法，我们看一下例子就知道了，下面我们看一下第一例 Fractionfraction reading let us see some examples to make it clear. The first example
第一例读作什么呢？三分之一，注意，我们是先读下面 What shall the first example be read? “san fen zhi yi” (1/3), pay attention please, the number at the bottom shall be read first
先读下面，然后再读上面的。 And then the top number is read.
五分之二 也是先读下面这个数，然后读上面这个数。 So does “wu fen zhi er” (2/5).
十九分之五 也是读下面。 “shi jiu fen zhi wu” (5/19) as well.
这个分数读作什么呢？先读前面的 What does this fraction shall be read? Read the former number at first
二又五分之一 应该是这样读法。 “er you wu fen zhi yi”
百分之五十是先 读后面的，注意，然后再读前边这个数 The latter of “bai fen zhi wu shi” (50%) shall be read, pay attention please.
千分之六也是一样的情况，先读后面的，然后再读前面的 6. So does “qian fen zhi liu” (6/1000) 6.
概数，（1） General numbers, (1)
相邻两个数字连用，可以用来表示一个概数，比如说：一两个 五六斤、 Adjacent two numbers together can be used to represent a general number, for example: “yi liang ge, wu liu jin,
八九人、 十五六件、 两三百、 七八万 Ba jiu ren, shi wu liu jian, liang san bai, qi ba wan
（2）几加上十、 百、 千、 万、 (2) “ji” plus “shi” (ten), “bai” (hundred), “qian” (thousand), “wan” (ten thousand),
亿 也可以表示概数，我们看几十年、 几百天、 几千块、 “yi yi” (one hundred million) can also be used to represent general numbers. In numbers of “ji shi nian”“ji bai tian”“ji qia kuai”,
几万人等 几也用在"十"后面表示概数，比如说：十几个 “ji wan ren”, etc., “ji” is also used to represent general numbers, for example: “shi ji ge”,
放在后面也可以，刚才是在前 在前边，放在后面，十几条、 It is okay to be put behind. “shi ji tiao”
二十几岁、 六十几斤，也可以表示概数 （3）用 “er shi ji sui” and “liu shi ji jin” can also be used to represent general numbers (3) represent
"多" 表示概数 用 "多"表示概数，说法也比较复杂，主要有两种 general numbers with “duo” the expression of it is also complicated there are mainly two kinds
第一种是数词+量词+多，要注意的问题是什么呢？就是要注意这个数词 The first kind is numeral + quantifier+”duo” please pay attention to the quantifier here
这个数词是，我们说一般是，意思就是比 10 小 The quantifier is generally smaller than 10
或者是等于 10 的数，或者是不是十的倍数的 or the number which equals to 10, or the number which is not
这样的数，比如说：三斤多、 一年多、 the multiple of ten, such as: “san jin duo”, “yi nian duo”,
十五块多 所以我们是这样的用法，在量词的后面，注意这个位置 “shi wu kuai duo” it is the expression like this above. After the quantifier, pay attention to this position,
容易错，在量词后面加上多这个语序 第二种情况是数词+多+量词 The order of which is added with “duo” after quantifiers is easy to make mistake. The second condition is numeral+”duo”+quantifier
也就是说跟第一种情况的这个语序是相反的 这种情况下，它的数词是什么呢？是大于或者是等于
It is contrary to the first condition.
What is the numeral in this condition? Greater than or equal to
10，也就是比 10 大或者是等于 10 的这样的数词 10, namely, numerals which are greater than 10 or equal to 10
而且是 10 的倍数，这个要特别注意，比如说：十多年 五十多个，五十就是十的倍数了，五倍
and multiples of 10, pay attention please, for example: “shi duo nian”
“wu shi duo ge”, fifty is a multiple of ten, five times
一百多斤，那一百就是十的十倍了，所以这样的，它的语序是 “yi bai duo jin”, “yi bai” (one hundred) is ten times of ten. So what is the order
什么呢？是多加上量词，这种情况呢跟第一种是不一样的 of it? It is “duo” plus quantifier and is different from the first condition
应该注意下面的情况 Please pay attention to the following conditions.
就是数词为"十"的时候，量词为度量衡单位的时候 When the numeral is “shi” (ten) and the quantifier is unit of measurement
多可以出现在量词前，也可以出现在量词后 但是呢意思不同，我们看一下具体的例子。 “duo” can be placed before or after the quantifier. However, they have different meanings. Let us see some specific examples.
十多斤 我们也可以说十斤多，也就是说这个多 “shi duo jin” can also be replaced with “shi jin duo”. That is to say, the “duo”
可以在斤的前边，也可以在斤的后边 两种语序，但是呢它的意思是不同的 can be placed before or after the “jin”. Two orders represent different meanings.
十多米一样，和十米多它的意思不一样 那么十多斤表示什么呢？表示超过十斤，但是呢不到 The meaning of “shi duo mi” and ”shi mi duo” is different. and then, what does “shi duo jin” represent? It refers to the weight that is more than “shi jin” but less than
二十斤，十斤多表示超过十斤，但是不到十一斤 所以它的意思是不一样。 “er shi jin”. “shi jin duo” represents the weight that is more than “shi jin” but less than “shi yi jin”. Hence, the meanings of them two are different.
十多米表示超过十米，但是呢不到 二十米。 “shi duo mi” refers to the length that is more than “shi mi” (ten meters) but less than “er shi mi” (twenty meters).
十米多表示超过十米，但是呢不到十一米 所以它们的意思是相差是很大的 “shi duo mi” refers to the length that is more than “shi mi” (ten meters) but less than “shi yi mi” (eleven meters). Their meanings are quite different.
（4）用"来"表示概数 ① (4) Represent general numbers with “lai”①
就是数词+量词+来+形容词或者是名词 Numeral + quantifier + lai+adjective or noun
可以用来表示概数，要注意的问题也就是什么呢？数词是什么？ 这个数词是小于或者等于 Used to represent general numbers One should be noted that what is numeral? The numeral here is less than or equal to
10 的数 或者不是 10 的倍数，注意，不是 10 10 or the numerals which are not multiples of 10, pay attention to the numeral that is not
的倍数这样子 数词，比如说：一斤来重 the multiple of 10, for example: “yi jin lai zhong” (weight of one jin or so)
三尺来长、 十一斤来重，这个十一斤，十一 就不是 10 的倍数。 “san chi lai chang, shi yi jin lai zhong, in the phrase of “shi yi jin”, “shi yi” (11) is not the multiples of 10
还有一种情况，就是第二种是 数词+来+量词，也就是说跟前面这个语序是相反的 Another condition is numeral +lai + quantifier, that is, the order of it is contrary to the former one.
"来"跑到量词的前边，这个时候，它的数词是 大于或者是等于 When “lai” is placed before the quantifier, its numeral is greater than or equal to
10，而且要注意是 10 的倍数 比如说：十来个、 10, and the multiples of 10 shall be noted, for example: “shi lai ge(ten or so),
六十来天，六十是十的六倍 一百二十来斤，这个也是 liu shi lai tian (sixty days or so), sixty is ten times of six. “yi bai er shi lai jin” (one hundred and twenty jin or so) is also
10 的倍数 （5） the multiple of 10 (5)
上+百、 千、 万、 亿 表示的概数，比如说上百人、 General numbers of shang +bai, qian, wan, yi, for example, “shang bai ren (one hundred people or so),
上千斤、 上万元 第六种情况是近+数词，近百人、 Shang qian jin, shang wan yuan the sixth condition is jin +numeral, “jin bai ren(nearly one hundred people),
近千元、 近 13 亿人口 第七种情况是约+数词，约八斤、 jin qian yuan(nearly ten thousand yuan), jin 13 yi ren kou (nearly 1.3 billion people)” the seventh condition is yue +numeral, “yue ba jin” (about eight jin),
约十二个小时 第八种情况是个、 Yue shi er ge xiao shi (about twelve hours)” the eighth condition is ge,
百、 千、 万 加上把，个把月、 Bai, qian, wan plus ba, “ge ba yue (several months or so),
百把斤这种说法 第九种情况，数词+量词+左右 bai ba jin” the ninth condition, numeral + quantifier +zuo you
比如说：三十岁左右或者三十左右，一星期左右 For example: “san shi sui zuo you” or “san shi zuo you” (thirty years old or so), “yi xing qi zuo you” (one week or so)
第十种情况就是名词加上前后，比如说：五一前后、 春节前后 这也是表示一种概数。 The tenth condition is noun plus qian hou, for instance: “wu yi qian hou” (Before and after the May Day, and “chun jie qian hou” (before and after the Spring Festival) also refer to a kind of general numbers.
第十一种情况是数词+量词+上下 比如说：二十岁上下、 The eleventh condition is numeral + quantifier + shang xia, for example:“er shi sui shang xia” (twenty years or so)
五十上下 第十二种情况是数词+量词+以上或者以下 “wu shi shang xia” (fifty or so) the twelfth condition is numeral + quantifier + yi shang or yi xia
比如说：六个以上或者以下、 八斤以上或者以下 For example: “liu ge yi shang or yi xia” (six more or less), ba jin yi shang or yi xia
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