Addressing data mismatch

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From the course by deeplearning.ai

Structuring Machine Learning Projects

17139 ratings

deeplearning.ai

Structuring Machine Learning Projects

17139 ratings

Course 3 of 5 in the Specialization Deep Learning

You will learn how to build a successful machine learning project. If you aspire to be a technical leader in AI, and know how to set direction for your team's work, this course will show you how. Much of this content has never been taught elsewhere, and is drawn from my experience building and shipping many deep learning products. This course also has two "flight simulators" that let you practice decision-making as a machine learning project leader. This provides "industry experience" that you might otherwise get only after years of ML work experience. After 2 weeks, you will: - Understand how to diagnose errors in a machine learning system, and - Be able to prioritize the most promising directions for reducing error - Understand complex ML settings, such as mismatched training/test sets, and comparing to and/or surpassing human-level performance - Know how to apply end-to-end learning, transfer learning, and multi-task learning I've seen teams waste months or years through not understanding the principles taught in this course. I hope this two week course will save you months of time. This is a standalone course, and you can take this so long as you have basic machine learning knowledge. This is the third course in the Deep Learning Specialization.

From the lesson

ML Strategy (2)

Training and testing on different distributions10:55

Bias and Variance with mismatched data distributions18:16

Addressing data mismatch10:08

Meet the Instructors

Andrew Ng
Co-founder, Coursera; Adjunct Professor, Stanford University; formerly head of Baidu AI Group/Google Brain
Head Teaching Assistant - Kian Katanforoosh
Adjunct Lecturer at Stanford University, deeplearning.ai, Ecole Centrale Paris
Teaching Assistant - Younes Bensouda Mourri
Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Stanford University, deeplearning.ai

If your training set comes from a different distribution,

than your dev and test set,

and if error analysis shows you that you have a data mismatch problem, what can you do?

There are completely systematic solutions to this,

but let's look at some things you could try.

If I find that I have a large data mismatch problem,

what I usually do is carry out manual error analysis and try to

understand the differences between the training set and the dev/test sets.

To avoid overfitting the test set,

technically for error analysis,

you should manually only look at a dev set and not at the test set.

But as a concrete example,

if you're building the speech-activated rear-view mirror application,

you might look or, I guess if it's speech,

listen to examples in your dev set to try

to figure out how your dev set is different than your training set.

So, for example, you might find

that a lot of dev set examples are very noisy and there's a lot of car noise.

And this is one way that your dev set differs from your training set.

And maybe you find other categories of errors.

For example, in the speech-activated rear-view mirror in your car,

you might find that it's often mis-recognizing

street numbers because there are

a lot more navigational queries which will have street address.

So, getting street numbers right is really important.

When you have insight into the nature of the dev set errors,

or you have insight into how the dev

set may be different or harder than your training set,

what you can do is then try to find ways to make the training data more similar.

Or, alternatively, try to collect more data similar to your dev and test sets.

So, for example, if you find that car noise in the background is a major source of error,

one thing you could do is simulate noisy in-car data.

So a little bit more about how to do this on the next slide.

Or you find that you're having a hard time recognizing street numbers,

maybe you can go and deliberately try to get more data of

people speaking out numbers and add that to your training set.

Now, I realize that this slide is giving a rough guideline for things you could try.

This isn't a systematic process and,

I guess, it's no guarantee that you get the insights you need to make progress.

But I have found that this manual insight,

together we're trying to make the data more similar on the dimensions that

matter that this often helps on a lot of the problems.

So, if your goal is to make the training data more similar to your dev set,

what are some things you can do?

One of the techniques you can use is

artificial data synthesis and let's discuss

that in the context of addressing the car noise problem.

So, to build a speech recognition system,

maybe you don't have a lot of audio that was actually

recorded inside the car with the background noise of a car,

background noise of a highway, and so on.

But, it turns out, there's a way to synthesize it.

So, let's say that you've recorded

a large amount of clean audio without this car background noise.

So, here's an example of a clip you might have in your training set.

By the way, this sentence is used a lot in AI for

testing because this is a short sentence that contains every alphabet from A to Z,

so you see this sentence a lot.

But, given that recording of "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog," you

can then also get a recording of car noise like this.

So, that's what the inside of a car sounds like,

if you're driving in silence.

And if you take these two audio clips and add them together,

you can then synthesize what

saying "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" would sound like,

if you were saying that in a noisy car. So, it sounds like this.

So, this is a relatively simple audio synthesis example.

In practice, you might synthesize other audio effects like

reverberation which is the sound of

your voice bouncing off the walls of the car and so on.

But through artificial data synthesis,

you might be able to quickly create more data that sounds like it

was recorded inside the car without needing to go out there and collect tons of data,

maybe thousands or tens of thousands of hours of

data in a car that's actually driving along.

So, if your error analysis shows you that you should try to

make your data sound more like it was recorded inside the car,

then this could be a reasonable process for

synthesizing that type of data to give you a learning algorithm.

Now, there is one note of caution I

want to sound on artificial data synthesis which is that,

let's say, you have 10,000 hours of data that was recorded against a quiet background.

And, let's say, that you have just one hour of car noise.

So, one thing you could try is take this one hour

of car noise and repeat it 10,000 times in

order to add to this 10,000 hours of data recorded against a quiet background.

If you do that, the audio will sound perfectly fine to the human ear,

but there is a chance,

there is a risk that your learning algorithm will over fit to the one hour of car noise.

And, in particular, if this is the set of

all audio that you could record in the car or,

maybe the sets of all car noise backgrounds you can imagine,

if you have just one hour of car noise background,

you might be simulating just a very small subset of this space.

You might be just synthesizing from a very small subset of this space.

And to the human ear,

all these audio sounds just fine because one hour of car noise

sounds just like any other hour of car noise to the human ear.

But, it's possible that you're synthesizing data from a very small subset of this space,

and the neural network might be

overfitting to the one hour of car noise that you may have.

I don't know if it will be practically feasible to

inexpensively collect 10,000 hours of car noise so that

you don't need to repeat the same one hour of

car noise over and over but you have 10,000 unique hours

of car noise to add to 10,000 hours of unique audio recording against a clean background.

But it's possible, no guarantees.

But it is possible that using 10,000 hours of unique car noise rather than just one hour,

that could result in better performance through learning algorithm.

And the challenge with artificial data synthesis is to the human ear,

as far as your ears can tell,

these 10,000 hours all sound the same as this one hour,

so you might end up creating this

very impoverished synthesized data set from

a much smaller subset of the space without actually realizing it.

Here's another example of artificial data synthesis.

Let's say you're building a self driving car and so you want to really detect

vehicles like this and put a bounding box around it let's say.

So, one idea that a lot of people have discussed is, well,

why should you use computer graphics to simulate tons of images of cars?

And, in fact, here are a couple of pictures of

cars that were generated using computer graphics.

And I think these graphics effects are actually pretty good and I can

imagine that by synthesizing pictures like these,

you could train a pretty good computer vision system for detecting cars.

Unfortunately, the picture that I

drew on the previous slide again applies in this setting.

Maybe this is the set of all cars and,

if you synthesize just a very small subset of these cars,

then to the human eye,

maybe the synthesized images look fine.

But you might overfit to this small subset you're synthesizing.

In particular, one idea that a lot of people have independently raised is,

once you find a video game with good computer graphics of cars and just

grab images from them and get a huge data set of pictures of cars,

it turns out that if you look at a video game,

if the video game has just 20 unique cars in the video game,

then the video game looks fine

because you're driving around in the video game and you see

these 20 other cars and it looks like a pretty realistic simulation.

But the world has a lot more than 20 unique designs of cars,

and if your entire synthesized training set has only 20 distinct cars,

then your neural network will probably overfit to these 20 cars.

And it's difficult for a person to easily tell that,

even though these images look realistic,

you're really covering such a tiny subset of the sets of all possible cars.

So, to summarize, if you think you have a data mismatch problem,

I recommend you do error analysis,

or look at the training set,

or look at the dev set to try this figure out,

to try to gain insight into how these two distributions of data might differ.

And then see if you can find some ways to get

more training data that looks a bit more like your dev set.

One of the ways we talked about is artificial data synthesis.

And artificial data synthesis does work.

In speech recognition, I've seen artificial data synthesis significantly

boost the performance of what were already very good speech recognition system.

So, it can work very well.

But, if you're using artificial data synthesis,

just be cautious and bear in mind whether or not you might be accidentally

simulating data only from a tiny subset of the space of all possible examples.

So, that's it for how to deal with data mismatch.

Next, I like to share with you some thoughts

on how to learn from multiple types of data at the same time.

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