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Sentiment classification is the task of looking at a piece of text
and telling if someone likes or dislikes
the thing they're talking about.
It is one of the most important building blocks in NLP and is used in many applications.
One of the challenges of sentiment classification
is you might not have a huge label training set for it.
But with word embeddings,
you're able to build good sentiment classifiers
even with only modest-size label training sets.
Let's see how you can do that.
So here's an example of a sentiment classification problem.
The input X is a piece of text and the output Y
that you want to predict is what is the sentiment,
such as the star rating of,
let's say, a restaurant review.
So if someone says, "The dessert is excellent" and they give it a four-star review,
"Service was quite slow" two-star review,
"Good for a quick meal but nothing special" three-star review.
And this is a pretty harsh review,
"Completely lacking in good taste, good service, and good ambiance."
That's a one-star review.
So if you can train a system to map from X or Y based on a label data set like this,
then you could use it to monitor comments that
people are saying about maybe a restaurant that you run.
So people might also post messages about your restaurant on social media,
on Twitter, or Facebook,
or Instagram, or other forms of social media.
And if you have a sentiment classifier,
they can look just a piece of text and figure out how
positive or negative is the sentiment of the poster toward your restaurant.
Then you can also be able to keep track of whether or not there are
any problems or if your restaurant is getting better or worse over time.
So one of the challenges of
sentiment classification is you might not have a huge label data set.
So for sentimental classification task,
training sets with maybe anywhere from
10,000 to maybe 100,000 words would not be uncommon.
Sometimes even smaller than 10,000 words and word embeddings that you can
take can help you to much
better understand especially when you have a small training set.
So here's what you can do.
We'll go for a couple different algorithms in this video.
Here's a simple sentiment classification model.
You can take a sentence like "dessert is excellent" and
look up those words in your dictionary.
We use a 10,000-word dictionary as usual.
And let's build a classifier to map it to the output Y that this was four stars.
So given these four words, as usual,
we can take these four words and look up the one-hot vector.
So there's 0 8 9 2 8 which is a one-hot vector multiplied by the embedding matrix E,
which can learn from a much larger text corpus.
It can learn in embedding from, say,
a billion words or a hundred billion words,
and use that to extract out the embedding vector for the word "the",
and then do the same for "dessert",
do the same for "is" and do the same for "excellent".
And if this was trained on a very large data set,
like a hundred billion words,
then this allows you to take a lot of knowledge even from
infrequent words and apply them to your problem,
even words that weren't in your labeled training set.
Now here's one way to build a classifier,
which is that you can take these vectors,
let's say these are 300-dimensional vectors,
and you could then just sum or average them.
And I'm just going to put a bigger average operator here and you could use sum or average.
And this gives you a 300-dimensional feature vector
that you then pass to a soft-max classifier which then outputs Y-hat.
And so the softmax can output what are
the probabilities of the five possible outcomes from one-star up to five-star.
So this will be assortment of the five possible outcomes to predict what is Y.
So notice that by using the average operation here,
this particular algorithm works for reviews that are
short or long because even if a review that is 100 words long,
you can just sum or average all the feature vectors for all hundred words
and so that gives you a representation,
a 300-dimensional feature representation,
that you can then pass into your sentiment classifier.
So this average will work decently well.
And what it does is it really averages the meanings of
all the words or sums the meaning of all the words in your example.
And this will work to [inaudible].
So one of the problems with this algorithm is it ignores word order.
In particular, this is a very negative review,
"Completely lacking in good taste,
good service, and good ambiance".
But the word good appears a lot.
This is a lot.
Good, good, good.
So if you use an algorithm like this that ignores word order
and just sums or averages all of the embeddings for the different words,
then you end up having a lot of the representation of good in
your final feature vector and your classifier will probably
think this is a good review even though this is actually very harsh.
This is a one-star review.
So here's a more sophisticated model which is that,
instead of just summing all of your word embeddings,
you can instead use a RNN for sentiment classification.
So here's what you can do. You can take that review,
"Completely lacking in good taste,
good service, and good ambiance",
and find for each of them, the one-hot vector.
And so I'm going to just skip
the one-hot vector representation but take the one-hot vectors,
multiply it by the embedding matrix E as usual,
then this gives you the embedding vectors and then you can feed these into an RNN.
And the job of the RNN is to then compute
the representation at the last time step that allows you to predict Y-hat.
So this is an example of
a many-to-one RNN architecture which we saw in the previous week.
And with an algorithm like this,
it will be much better at taking word sequence into account and realize that "things are
lacking in good taste" is a negative review
and "not good" a negative review unlike the previous algorithm,
which just sums everything together into a big-word vector
mush and doesn't realize that "not good" has a very different meaning
than the words "good" or "lacking in good taste" and so on.
And so if you train this algorithm,
you end up with a pretty decent sentiment classification algorithm and
because your word embeddings can be trained from a much larger data set,
this will do a better job
generalizing to maybe even new words now that you'll see in your training set,
such as if someone else says,
"Completely absent of good taste,
good service, and good ambiance" or something,
then even if the word "absent" is not in your label training set,
if it was in your 1 billion or 100 billion word corpus used to train the word embeddings,
it might still get this right and generalize much better even to words that were in
the training set used to train the word embeddings but not
necessarily in the label training set
that you had for specifically the sentiment classification problem.
So that's it for sentiment classification,
and I hope this gives you a sense of how
once you've learned or downloaded from online a word embedding,
this allows you to quite quickly build pretty effective NLP systems.
Andrew NgCo-founder, Coursera; Adjunct Professor, Stanford University; formerly head of Baidu AI Group/Google Brain
Head Teaching Assistant - Kian KatanforooshAdjunct Lecturer at Stanford University, deeplearning.ai, Ecole Centrale Paris
Teaching Assistant - Younes Bensouda MourriMathematical & Computational Sciences, Stanford University, deeplearning.ai
