谈到中华传统文化，大家首先想到的莫过于以孔子思想为代表的儒学思想，但中华传统文化绝不止这些；谈到中医药，大家第一印象可能是针灸、按摩，因为她们已经走向全球，但中医药也远不止如此。医学、生物学飞速发展的21世纪，中医药学这一古老学科为什么还有生命力？她与现代医药学有何不同？为什么很多人觉得中医药知识体系不容易学习和掌握？因为：中医药学具有深厚的中华传统文化背景，如果不了解中华传统文化，就难以深入理解中医药学的思想和知识。 本课程就是希望通过剖析中医药与中华传统文化的密切联系，使大家了解中医药学的中华传统文化的背景，更容易理解中医药的思维特征、思想特色和知识体系。通过本课程的学习，不仅能掌握一些中医药的基本知识、中医药养生的原理和方法，还能从中医药的视角认识中华传统文化的精髓。
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From the course by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
中医药与中华传统文化
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From the lesson
脏腑经络浅说 & 药性理论解析
脏腑经络理论，药物药性理论是组成中医药理论知识体系的重要部分。脏腑理论与阴阳五行思想有怎样的联系？中医的脏腑和现代医学所称的脏器是否完全一样？经络是世界性科学难题还是子虚乌有？中药的四气五味、升降沉浮、毒性偏性又是怎样的概念？让我们带着思考一起进入本模块的学习吧。
Meet the Instructors
Peng ChongshengAssociate Professor
School of Pharmacy
Hello everyone, last class we have recognized the concept and function of the meridian
The class we will focus on the essence of the meridian
So is the meridian the unfound new structure of or the function of the known structure?
Domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of explorations,
mainly including the following aspects.
The first aspect is about propagated sensation along channel and its rules
The second aspect is the detection method of human body surface line
The third aspect is the formation mechanism of propagated sensation.
The fourth aspect is the view of essence of meridian the meridian and its hypothesis.
So "propagated sensation along channel" is the most common meridian phenomenon clinical acupunctures,
which means that when meridians of the body is stimulated by the use of needles or pulsed power or pressing,
it will produce an acid, hemp, swelling, heavy feeling along the meridian line.
Sometimes there will be a sense of insects crawling or jumping hemp, there are people having a sense of flowing water or cold.
So during 1972-1978,
The census results of more than 60000 in more than 20 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, according to uniform standards, show that
the emergence rate of sensation is 45.2%, and there are no differences as for race, region and age.
Through observation, some of the main features of propagated sensation along channel are found.
First, the width of the sensation is relative to the method of the stimulating and intensity:
Electrical stimulation mostly show on the shape of banding with particular width
Acupuncture or acupuncture point injection shows he shape of line and rope.
The second aspect is the sense of direction and return is regular,
such as to stimulate people's limbs at the ends of arms and legs, the sensation will move to the trunk, it is a one-way transmission.
If stimulating the midway point, the sensation will mostly move upwards or beneath, this is the two-way transmission.
For most of the subjects, when the stimulus was stopped,
their sensations can back flow through original transmission route to stimulated acupuncture points, until vanishing.
The third aspect is the speed of propagated sensation along channel.
The nerves which are far have the slow speed of nerve sense.
So as we know, the excitor will transmit very quickly
What is the speed of sensation? About 0.1m/s
But due to individual differences, some people may have the interval phenomenon during transmission,
or the mode of crossing transmission which means some acupuncture point may be stepped over can also appear.
The forth aspect is about the tendency of disease of propagated sensation along channel.
Some patients have clear propagated sensation along channel of relative meridian during the period of disease.
Once the disease is eased, the sensation will be reduced.
The fifth aspect is block of propagated sensation along channel.
What does this mean? That is to say, during the transmission, some mechanical pressure is imposed on the meridian.
Or the block will appear due to the regional hypothermia of ice bag.
Are there scientific methods which can detect the rote of meridian?
Since 1980s,
scientists explore the rote of meridian by using the interdisciplinary method.
Some positive results are founded,
these methods include the resistance to determine the acupuncture points and radio-label
or acupuncture point producing emission signal
Nowadays, the technology of MRI
and some other methods like thin-section scan images of CT are also used.
In the mid-1980s, some people injected Yc99 technetium acid sodium eluent
into the acupuncture point of healthy volunteers and patients
and using the scinticamera γ with high coverage to scan automatically,
so as to record the image of migration of radioisotope.
It is found that its motion trail is highly identical with the classical meridian rote under the elbow and knee joint
The MRI has wide application in hospitals now
So how is it used in the research of meridian?
In recent 10years, scientists use MRI to the research of meridian
and it has achieved some encouraging results.
A research paper publish on the second Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion in 2010 is very representative.
Let us see the results.
This research used MRI and
marked the habitat of connective tissue of fascia of upper limb of human body
through picture segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction.
It, together with the rote of meridian recorded in traditional Chinese medicine, made comparation and analysis and found
some similarities between the two.
This indicated the basis of anatomy of meridian of traditional Chinese medicine
may be the connective tissue of fascia around the human body.
So what about the results of the research on formation mechanism of propagated sensation along channel?
In conclude, there are two points.
One is the mechanism of diffusion through central excitation,
for example the excitation which is generated by acupuncture in the central nervous system
Especially the directed diffusion in cerebral cortex.
The sensation happens at periphery region, while its essence is in pivot.
The basis supporting this view can be explained in this way.
Once the sensory function of cortex or senior central nervous system is damaged,
the phenomenon of propagated sensation along channel will not appear, thus it can not be observed.
But for people like amputation patients who lose the sensation in peripheral regions,
60% of them still have propagated sensation, so it seems to be less related with the sensation in peripheral regions.
This is the first view
The second view is that it is caused by the stimulation in peripheral regions.
So how to explain this?
It is believed that the nerves in body surface is excited by some causes which are transmitted by acupuncture.
The impulsion then is transmitted into the central nervous system in succession,
then the sensation of subjective feeling is produced.
So what are the standpoints about this view?
That is, as we know, the propagated sensation rote, which is mentioned in western medicine.
The distribution of nerves, blood vessels and lymph is not the same.
Just as what we have seen about the rote of meridian,
the speed of propagated sensation is slower than nerve conduction velocity, as we mentioned before.
And compression and refrigerating treatment can block this transmission
But this doesn’t have clear influence on the action potential of peripheral nerve and SEP of cortex
So the propagated sensation can change its rote after the treatment on muscle and tendon.
Then lastly, the hypothesis about the essence of channels and collaterals mainly include the following aspects.
The first one is hypothesis of meridian and nervous system,
which is still based on the nervous system
The second one is the hypothesis about meridian, blood vessel and lymph.
The third one is hypothesis on the third balanced system.
We have already known hypothesis on the first and second balanced system.
The first one is the postural balance,
the speed of sensation is 70m/s to 120m/s.
The speed is very fast, which is called automatic balance.
The second one is Autonomic nervous system, which keeps the dynamic balance in viscera which activates slowly.
Its speed is 1m/s.
We have mentioned that the speed of meridian transmission is 0.1m/s.
So it is rather slow, which is recognized as the hypothesis on the third balanced system.
How about the forth aspect? There is the hypothesis on the forth balanced system.
We can see them later.
So lastly, there are some other hypothesizes
For example, the recently found connective tissue we have mentioned before.
Some people also came up with wave-particle duality and EPXC,
and some chemical reaction caused by enzyme in human body.
All in all, the researches on the meridian are still on its way.
So we are looking forward to a new breakthrough in the future.
That’s all for this class.
Therefore, the fifth content about meridian of viscera in traditional Chinese medicine is over.
Next class, we will talk about the theory on the property of traditional Chinese medicine.
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